The entire remapping project, said Dr. Emily Teeter of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, "is fundamental to our understanding of the ancient city and its ritual and governmental functions. It is amazing how much the harbor topology, as recreated from Strabo, is different from what Goddio reconstructed."

Goddio found Antirhodos Island on the opposite side of the harbor from where it was placed by Strabo. Antony’s residence, Timonium, was also misplaced by the ancient geographer, as were the royal harbor and other features. Recent re-examinations now suggest the fault was not Strabo’s but centuries of faulty translations.

Armed with the new harbor map, Goddio's team took to the water in June 1996. Despite having to bundle up in masks and protective suits to avoid the city sewage, the divers averaged two 100-minute dives a day. They have posted more than 3,550 exploratory dives.

What first looked like a barren waste was transformed -- after dredges began vacuuming away the layers of sediment -- into a buried wonderland of columns and statues and pavement. Diving archaeologists began finding vessels and artifacts, especially amphorae, the popular wine jugs of the era.

And resting incongruously amid the debris of a violent antiquity was the spoor of an equally violent present: the wreckage of a British bomber shot down in World War II.

The royal harbor took on a more precise shape. The island of Antirhodos, most likely the site of Cleopatra’s palace, and its shoreline were roughly defined. The breakwater that held Antony’s residence was tentatively identified.

The ground rules for Goddio's seven-year project require that artifacts remain in place after being precisely located, mapped, and cataloged. Molds were made underwater for many of the finds. A few of the larger items were hoisted temporarily to the surface to make complete molds, then were returned to the safety of the depths.

The divers hauled to the surface dramatic stone statues, including sphinxes that portray Ptolemic rulers, one of them most likely Cleopatra’s father. A large, black-granite head found along the ancient shoreline was raised, along with a sphinx some 90 centimeters (35 inches) long and 62 centimeter (24 inches) high, and another almost half again as large.

	Submerged artifacts discovered in the ancient royal harbor of Alexandria. Photograph courtesy of Discovery Channel

The growing array of amphorae, pots, lamps, cups, wine flasks, coins, rings, granite columns, pavement, and statuary – among more than 2,000 artifacts – have helped the archaeologists decipher much of the royal city's geography. One of the most dramatic items to emerge was a 128-centimeter (50-inch) tall statue of a priest. "As soon as it came out of the water, it was clear that it was a male priest of the god Osiris-Hydreios; often called Canopus," said Teeter, who made the field identification. "The god Osiris-Hydreios [held by the priest] is in the form of a jar with a human-headed lid. That form is shared by Canopic jars that were used for mummification."

Canopus is related to the Egyptian mythological figure Isis. Historical records note that the Temple of Isis was on Antirhodos. Should the statue prove to be part of the temple complex, it would provide one more piece of the puzzle for reconstructing a precise map of Ptolemies.

"From our excavations on the sunken island," says Goddio, "we've found that, at one point, it was completely leveled and paved. Much of the pavement is still intact. What we are finding are the remains of toppled structures with no exact indication of what the buildings were. It is the surrounding artifacts that are shedding light in this area."

A statue of the head of a falcon, representing the god Horus, who was often associated with rulers, may help locate various temples, as might a white-marble statue from the southern tip of Antirhodos.

	Photograph courtesy of Discovery Channel

Keeping track of all these pieces of the past is the task of engineer Jean-Jacques Groussard. "Because of the uniqueness of the mission," he said, "we were required to write a special computer program to maintain the vast artifacts’ database. With this program, we were able to provide the longitude and latitude -- from a Global Positioning System reading -- of the object, give it a reference number, enter it into a class, provide an archaeological grid number, dimensions, material of construction, and even enter a photograph of the piece."

Assembling the puzzle pieces into a cohesive picture will be even more complicated. Classical archaeologist Fawzi A.R. el Fakharani of Alexandria University said: "While previous theories on the location of ancient Alexandria have been pure speculation, the map drafted and the work performed by Goddio’s team for the first time gives us a clear idea of the ancient royal district. What we see today is unique -- an underwater survey of the most important part of Alexandria at its zenith."

Archaeologists may be working in this harbor for 50 years to come. "We still have much to do," Goddio says. "The finds thus far do not tell the story of Cleopatra nor of her palace, with the precious wood doors decorated in tortoise shells and emeralds, or the fine carpets, and alabaster and gold that Roman poet Lucan wrote about. He told of floors of onyx with ivory on all sides."

And what of that fascinating shipwreck?

"We were thrilled," Goddio said. "Its state of preservation is amazing. Radiocarbon dating determined the wreck may have come from the first century B.C. to A.D. 50, placing it at the end of the Ptolemaic and beginning of Roman rule."

Patrice Sandrin was in charge of excavating the ship, which measured 30 by 8.5 meters (99 by 29 feet). Among the amphorae, pots, cups, saucers, and animal bones found within the wooden framework were items that hinted at a female presence. "I was diving over the shipwreck and happened to glance down," recalls Stephane Brousse. "I noticed a reflection on what would have been the starboard side of the vessel. Looking closer, I found a tiny gold ring with gemstones." A second ring and an ivory hairpin were found soon after.

"Locating the wreck in the tiny, royal harbor of the Island of Antirhodos is a major find," Goddio said. "It is too early, however, to say exactly what type of ship it is. The items we have found in the wreckage ñ oil and wine vases as well as other luxury items -- would indicate it is not a cargo ship."

Whose ship was it? Goddio is understandably reluctant to speculate -- pending much more evidence -- about the woman who may have stood on its decks when Alexandria was one of the most glorious cities in the world.