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1ST INTERMEDIATE 2181 B.C. - 2140 B.C.
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Keys to this period
1) Breakdown of central government.
2) FAMINE!
Summary
Provinces were governed by nomarchs who would not answer to any king. Famine affected the country as a result of a number of poor annual inundations caused by the Nile River which could both save and destroy these Ancient Egyptian people.
The 7th Dynasty marked the beginning of the First Intermediate period. As a consequence of internal strife, the reigns of this and the succeeding 8th Dynasty are rather obscure. It is clear, however, that both ruled from Memphis and lasted a total of only 25 years. By this time the powerful nomarchs were in effective control of their districts, and factions in the south and north vied for power. Under the Heracleopolitan 9th and 10th Dynasties, the nomarchs near Heracleopolis controlled their area and extended their power north to Memphis (and even into the delta) and south to Asyût (Lycopolis). The rival southern nomarchs at Thebes established the 11th Dynasty, controlling the area from Abydos to Elephantine, near Syene (present-day Aswân). The early part of this dynasty, the first of the Middle Kingdom, overlapped the last part of the 10th.
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